Operating Systems

topic Processes Process control block, states (ready/running/waiting), context switching, and PCB data structures. read topic Threads User vs kernel threads, thread models (1:1, M:1, M:N), pthreads, and thread safety. read topic CPU Scheduling FCFS, SJF, round-robin, priority scheduling, multi-level queues, and fairness guarantees. read topic Memory Management Paging, segmentation, virtual memory, TLB, page tables, and demand paging. read topic File Systems Inodes, directories, ext4, NTFS, FAT, journaling, and file system operations. read topic Inter-Process Communication Pipes, FIFOs, shared memory, message queues, semaphores, signals, and sockets. read topic Deadlocks Necessary conditions, prevention, avoidance (Banker's algorithm), detection, and recovery. read topic System Calls User/kernel mode transition, syscall interface, and common syscalls (read, write, fork, exec). read topic Virtualization Hypervisors (Type 1/2), hardware virtualization, containers vs VMs, and namespaces. read